# [Calculation 6] Kummer’s Theorem

Edited by Leun Kim

 Theorem. (Kummer’s Theorem) $${}_2 F_1 (a,b;1+a-b;-1) = \frac{\Gamma(1+a-b)\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{2}a\right)}{\Gamma(1+a)\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{2}a-b\right)}$$

To prove Kummer’s theorem, we introduce the following lemma, which is called Kummer’s quadratic transformation:

 Lemma. (Kummer’s Quadratic Transformation) \tag{1} {}_2 F_1 (a,b;1+a-b;z) = (1-z)^{-a} {}_2 F_1 \left( \frac{1}{2}a, \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a-b; 1+a-b; – \frac{4z}{(1-z)^2} \right) holds for $|z|<1$.

Proof of Lemma. Note that the right hand side of (1) is analytic inside the loop of the curve $|4z|=|1-z|^2$ which surrounds the origin as below.

Therefore the right hand side of (1) can be expanded in powers of $z$ when $|z|<3-2\sqrt 2$. Thus
\begin{eqnarray*}
\text{(rhs)}
&=&
(1-z)^{-a} \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(\frac{1}{2}a)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a-b)_k}{(1+a-b)_k k!}\left( -\frac{4z}{(1-z)^2}\right)^k\\
&=&
\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(\frac{1}{2}a)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a-b)_k (-4)^k}{(1+a-b)_k k!}z^k (1-z)^{-a-2k}\\
&=&
\sum_{k=0}^\infty \sum_{r=0}^\infty \frac{(\frac{1}{2}a)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a-b)_k (-4)^k}{(1+a-b)_k k!} \frac{(a+2k)_r}{r!}z^{k+r}.
\end{eqnarray*}
Calculating the coefficient of $z^n$, we get
\tag{2}
\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{(\frac{1}{2}a)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a-b)_k (-4)^k}{(1+a-b)_k k!} \frac{(a+2k)_{n-k}}{(n-k)!}
=
\frac{(a)_n}{n!}\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a-b)_k (a+n)_k (-n)_k}{(1+a-b)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a)_k k!},

where we applied the relations
$$\frac{1}{(n-k)!} = \frac{(-1)^k (-n)_k}{n!}$$
and
$$(a+2k)_{n-k} = \frac{(a)_n(a+n)_k}{4^k (\frac{1}{2}a)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a)_k}.$$
Therefore using Saalschütz’s Theorem to the right hand side of (2), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{(a)_n}{n!}\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{a}{2}-b)_k (a+n)_k (-n)_k}{(1+a-b)_k (\frac{1}{2} + \frac{a}{2})_k k!}
&=&
\frac{(a)_n}{n!} {}_3 F_2 \left( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{a}{2} -b, a+n, -n; 1+a-b, \frac{1}{2} + \frac{a}{2};1 \right)\\
&=&
\frac{(a)_n}{n!} \frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a)_n (a-b-n)_n}{(1+a-b)_n(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}a-n)_n}\\
&=&
\frac{(a)_n (b)_n}{n!(1+a-b)_n}
\end{eqnarray*}
so that
$$\text{(rhs)} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a)_n (b)_n}{n!(1+a-b)_n} z^n = {}_2 F_1 (a,b;1+a-b;z),$$
which proves Lemma for $|z|<3-2\sqrt 2$, and the complete result follows by analytic continuation.$\square$

Proof of Theorem. Limiting $z\to -1$ in Lemma, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray*}
{}_2 F_1 (a,b;1+a-b;-1)
&=&
2^{-a} {}_2 F_1 \left( \frac{1}{2}a, \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a-b; 1+a-b; 1\right)\\
&=&
2^{-a} \frac{\Gamma(1+a-b)\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}a-b)\Gamma(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a)}\\
&=&
\frac{\Gamma(1+a-b)\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{2}a\right)}{\Gamma(1+a)\Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{2}a-b\right)},
\end{eqnarray*}
where we used the Gauss Summation Formula for the second equality, and the Duplication Formula for the Gamma function:
$$\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}a\right) = \frac{2^{-a}\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})\Gamma(1+a)}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}a)}$$
for the last equality.$\square$

Errata : $(0,3-2\sqrt 2)$ should be replaced by $(3-2\sqrt 2,0)$.

[1] W. N. Bailey, Generalized Hypergeometric Series, Cambridge University Press, 1964, pp.9-10.
[2] Bruno Gauthier, A Proof of Kummer’s Theorem, 2008. (arXiv:math/9904061v2)
[3] Leun Kim, Saalschütz’s Theorem.
[4] Leun Kim, Gauss’s Summation Formula.

#### Leun Kim

Ph.D Candidate at The University of Tokyo
I was born and raised in Daegu, S. Korea. I majored in electronics and math in Seoul from 2007 to 2012. I've had a great interest in math since freshman year, and I studied PDE in Osaka, Japan from 2012-2014. I worked at a science museum and HUFS from 2014 in Seoul. Now I'm studying PDE in Tokyo, Japan. I also developed an interest in music, as I met a great piano teacher Oh in 2001, and joined an indie metal band in 2008. In my spare time, I enjoy various things, such as listening music, blogging, traveling, taking photos, and playing Go and Holdem. Please do not hesitate to contact me with comments, email, guestbook, and social medias.