# 3 Simple Proofs of the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality

Edited by Leun Kim

[latexpage]
Theorem. (Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality)
Let $X$ be an inner product space with a given inner product $\langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle : X \times X \to \mathbb F ( \mathbb R \; \text{or} \; \mathbb C )$. Then $$| \langle x,y \rangle |^2 \leqslant \langle x,x \rangle \langle y,y \rangle$$ for any $x,y \in X$.

Proof (1)
If $y = 0$ then it’s trivial. Let $y \neq 0$ and define $z := x – \frac{ \langle x,y \rangle}{\langle y,y \rangle} y$ so that $\langle z,y \rangle = 0$. Then we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle x,x \rangle &=& \left \langle \frac{\langle x,y \rangle}{\langle y,y \rangle} y + z , \frac{\langle x,y \rangle}{\langle y,y \rangle} y + z \right \rangle \\ &=& \frac{| \langle x,y \rangle |^2}{( \langle y,y \rangle )^2} \langle y,y \rangle + \langle z,z \rangle \\ & \geqslant &  \frac{| \langle x,y \rangle |^2}{\langle y,y \rangle}
\end{eqnarray}
which proves the Theorem.

Proof (2)
If $| \langle x,y \rangle | = 0$ then it’s trivial. Let $| \langle x,y \rangle | \neq 0$ and let $\lambda \in \mathbb R$. Then
\begin{eqnarray} 0 & \leqslant & \langle x + \lambda \langle x,y \rangle y ,  x + \lambda \langle x,y \rangle y \rangle \\ &=& | \langle x,y \rangle |^2 \langle y,y \rangle \lambda^2 + 2 | \langle x,y \rangle |^2 \lambda + \langle x,x \rangle .
\end{eqnarray}
Because all the coefficients are real, we have the discriminant $$D/4 = | \langle x,y \rangle |^4 – | \langle x,y \rangle |^2 \langle x,x \rangle \langle y,y \rangle \leqslant 0$$ which proves the Theorem.

Proof (3)
Let $\alpha \in \mathbb C$. Then
\begin{eqnarray}
0 & \leqslant & \langle x+ \alpha y , x + \alpha y \rangle \\ &=& \langle x,x \rangle + \overline{\alpha} \langle x,y \rangle + \alpha \langle y,x \rangle + | \alpha |^2 \langle y,y \rangle \\ &=& \begin{bmatrix} 1 & \alpha \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}  \langle x,x \rangle & \langle x,y \rangle \\  \langle y,x \rangle & \langle y,y \rangle \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}  1\\ \overline{\alpha} \end{bmatrix} \end{eqnarray}
Define $$A = \begin{bmatrix} \langle x,x \rangle & \langle x,y \rangle \\ \langle y,x \rangle & \langle y,y \rangle \end{bmatrix}$$

then $A$ is Hermitian. If $z = [ \beta \;\;\;\; \overline{\alpha}]^T$ for $\beta \neq 0$, $\overline{z}^T A z \geqslant 0$ by considering $z / \beta = [1 \;\;\;\; \overline{\alpha} / \beta ]^T$. If $\beta = 0$, $\overline{z}^T A z = | \alpha |^2 \langle y,y \rangle \geqslant 0$. Thus $A$ is positive semidefinite, so has non-negative determinant $$0 \leqslant \det A = \langle x,x \rangle \langle y,y \rangle – | \langle x,y \rangle |^2$$

which proves the Theorem.

#### Leun Kim

Ph.D Candidate at The University of Tokyo
I was born and raised in Daegu, S. Korea. I majored in electronics and math in Seoul from 2007 to 2012. I've had a great interest in math since freshman year, and I studied PDE in Osaka, Japan from 2012-2014. I worked at a science museum and HUFS from 2014 in Seoul. Now I'm studying PDE in Tokyo, Japan. I also developed an interest in music, as I met a great piano teacher Oh in 2001, and joined an indie metal band in 2008. In my spare time, I enjoy various things, such as listening music, blogging, traveling, taking photos, and playing Go and Holdem. Please do not hesitate to contact me with comments, email, guestbook, and social medias.